An important preoccupation of Mbitis work has been to show that knowledge of God and the worship of God have been staples of African life from the earliest times on the continent. Neglect, it is believed, might spell doom. This chapter includes information on: Traditional African religious beliefs, such as belief in the protective power of sacrifices to ancestors Traditional African religious practices, such as owning sacred objects Download chapter 3 in full (3-page PDF, <1MB) Photo credit: Sebastien Desarmaux/GODONG/Godong/Corbis Ritual functionaries include priests, elders, rainmakers, diviners, and prophets. endobj I am going to use the research reports of Opoky Onyinah , which he carried out among Ghanaian Christians between 1997 and 1999. But it is also the strict commitment, to the observance of certain (written or unwritten) divinely inspired moral prescriptions or codes of ethics, promulgated by the religious authorities and enforced by sanctions. There is also a mystical order of the universe. That would be a serious loss not only for Africans, but also for academics, researchers, writers, and general seekers of wisdom the world over. Both have places of worship. According to Mbiti, Africans believe that God has ordained a moral order for humans, through which they came to understand what is good and what is evil, so that they might live in harmony with one another and safeguard the life of the people. For myself, I negotiate between my Yoruba and Christian identity by, for example, affirming those aspects of African culture that promote good life and communal human welfare. All rights reserved. This is the kind of interlocutor who will counter an observation about violent militancy in contemporary Islam in the context, let us say, of a discussion about Boko Haram with But what about the Crusades? OLUPONA: The role of ancestors in the African cosmology has always been significant. This view influences the way humans relate to the universe: on the one hand, they strive to maintain harmony between themselves and the invisible universe by observing the moral and religious order; at the same time, humans see the universe in a utilitarian way, from the point of view of what is beneficial or harmful to them. Part two provides a condensed historical survey of the, The Bible and the Third World: Precolonial, Colonial and Postcolonial Encounters, by R. S. Sugirtharajah. I answered two, The paper discusses the state of traditional African religion in post-apartheid South Africa. Religion informs everything in traditional African society, including political art, marriage, health, diet, dress, economics, and death. He contends that although African Traditional Religion generally refers to God as creator and sustainer of the universe, morally good, omniscient, and caring toward humans, yet even where this is held to be true, the high god in Africa is very often regarded as distanced from human affairs. And even when he is considered benign, the high God is morally otiose, having little direct retributive relationship with humankind. In some situations, the high God is cast in unfavorable terms as one who creates and who kills. A classicatory system which attempts to distinguish the principal responses Interrogating identity: Frantz Fanon and the postcolonial prerogative, 3. These laws are controlled by God directly or indirectly through Gods intermediaries. Pentecostalism and Shamanism in Asia and Beyond, A Critical Analysis of Byang Kato's Demonology and Its Theological Relevance for an Evangelical Demonology, INITIATION IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION, Veli-Matti Karkkainen, Kirsteen Kim, Amos Yong: Interdisciplinary and Religio-Cultural Discourses on a Spirit-Filled World, Encounter - Journal of African Life and Religion, 12 (2017), REGNUM STUDIES IN MISSION Pentecostal Mission and Global Christianity An Edinburgh Centenary Reader, Van Rheenen, Gailyn: Missions - biblical foundations. GAZETTE: What will Africa lose if it loses its African indigenous worldview? Itis made of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit working together as one. 2 0 obj Christ Jesus, God's own son, takes the "groaning" of humans to God. They form a chain through the links of which the forces of the elders [now with the community] exercise their vitalizing influence on the living generation. For Magesa, the ancestors are primarily authority figures whose being implies moral activity in that they are the maintainers and enforcers of norms of social action. Although they are entrusted with these roles in their relationship with humans, any capriciousness of the ancestors is not taken kindly by the living, just as it would not be acceptable from any elder in society. The ancestors are beyond reproach. This is called the Trinity. Mbiti makes a very controversial point when he claims that in African societies there are no acts that would be considered wrong in themselves. and Youll never experience a black hole, but Avi Loeb can help you imagine one. According to all the major surveys, Christianity and Islam each represent approximately 40 percent of the African population. For instance, if we were to lose indigenous African religions in Africa, then diviners would disappear, and if diviners disappeared, we would not only lose an important spiritual specialist for many Africans, but also an institution that for centuries has been the repository of African history, wisdom, and knowledge. Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard Staff Photographer, By Anthony Chiorazzi Harvard Correspondent. OLUPONA: No, this type of binary thinking is simplistic. %PDF-1.5 TraditionalAfricans gave offerings but they did not give tithes. Traditional African religious influences on the church and the Bible It is worth noting that Cameroonians ferociously resisted foreign religions in the 18th century to maintain their traditional religions when Christianity entered Cameroon (Betoto, 2012). The reasons for this shift are varied and complex. The introduced religions of Islam (in northern Africa) and Christianity (in southern Africa) are now the continents major religions, but traditional religions still play an important role, especially in the interior of sub-Saharan Africa. At stake here is nothing less than the question of human culpability and ultimate redemption, which has to do with the traditional Christian topic of sin and grace. OLUPONA: I was raised in Africa during the 1960s, when the Yoruba community never asked you to chose between your personal faith and your collective African identity. Everything is said to center on them. The numerous traditional African religions have in common the notion of a creator god, who made the world and then withdrew, remaining remote from the concerns of human life. Featured Image:Edo people, Queen Mother Pendant mask, circa 16th c.; Source: Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0. OLUPONA: Yes, and the pluralistic nature of African-tradition religion is one of the reasons for its success in the diaspora. Indigenous African spirituality today is increasingly falling out of favor. African religions, Indigenous religions of the African continent. 2 0 obj (1981) and Ph.D. (1983) in the history of religions from Boston University. For the full article, see, New religions, independent churches, and prophetic movements, https://www.britannica.com/summary/African-religions. For Christians itsa church. In African Traditional Religion, they do believe in a genderless god with the three names: Umvelingqangi, uNkulunkulu, and uThixo (Badoian, 2014). The rapid growth of many religions in Africa and the revival of AIR in postcolonial Africa have made inter-religious . 1 Their central thrust is to emphasize the similarities rather than the differences between current movements in the world religions, particularly Christianity and Islam, but This bitter conflict has led to wanton destruction of lives and property, and this has become a source of great worry to the writers. In respect and honor of my culture, I also dress in my traditional Nigerian attire when Im in my country. They are not mutually exclusive. OLUPONA: My father, a faithful Anglican priest, was a good example. Quantum computing simulation reveals possible wormhole-like dynamics. They do not offer any libation. We will return to these issues later in Morality Truly Christian, Truly African, but for now it is enough to ask whether the similarities in the deep structure between the two religions are indeed as similar as Green suggests. In the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups the above phenomenological conception of ATR called for education in the light of the scriptures. Their purpose is to summarize recent material produced by the relevant religious organizations and by some of the main academic interpreters to provide Green opines that although superficially regarded, this may seem to be a minimal moral relationshipmore like a kind of egoism on one side and fearful propitiation on the otherit also shows, however, the profound role that respect for age and for the fulfillment of lineage and familial duties play in this traditional setting. Part one looks briefly at the matter of religion itself. For instance, in the southern Volta Region of Ghana, and in Togo and Benin, thousands of young girls of the Ewe (say Ay-vay) tribe are held as slaves in unspeakable conditions under a traditional religion belief called the trokosi system or wives of the ancestral gods. This paper uses a qualitative research approach in the form of document analysis to critically explore the religious intersectionalities between Christianity and African Traditional. hasContentIssue true, Copyright International African Institute 2016. University of Notre Dame, McGrath Institute for Church Life ^xH&M'YZ7EDi%qN^K This is the function of Gods providence and sustenance of the universe. It appeals more to social scientists than to those working in religious studies, particularly scholars of specific religious traditions. OLUPONA: If we lose traditional African religions, we would also lose or continue to seriously undermine the African practice of rites of passage such as the much cherished age-grade initiations, which have for so long integrated and bought Africans together under a common understanding, or worldview. Mbiti emphasizes that Africans view the universe religiously. Paulinus Ikechukwu Odozor, C.S.Sp., is Professor of moral theology, the theology of the world church, and Africana studies at the University of Notre Dame. He sees the other faith as complementing and even adding spiritual potency to his own spiritual practice of constructing effective amulets. Exodus 20:3-5 tells us not to make or worship images ofanything in heaven or on earth. A Background to Religion and Magic in Western Thought Our modern usage of the term 'magic' derives from the Greek magike, (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main For starters, the word religion is problematic for many Africans, because it suggests that religion is separate from the other aspects of ones culture, society, or environment. Some traditional African societies like the Yoruba believed in the existence of lessergods. They have also fostered a greater feeling of individual self-worth by acknowledging important milestones in ones life, including becoming an adult or an elder. Peel, J. D. Y. To understand African tradition, one needs to understand the position of African Traditional Religion on God, the human person, and creation. M!eJ/"0Nq"3_ad!+;\4C2-0"+5qu|Rw!9KkC~V3M$ 2d yFT!Jf"ez:~ U S dE{hbaERVTGeqBzk2^oP)R}7Qv#.dQF4^%y+X-o"wr+l+B?{lb="akK;qurpDB ~O` Hn5~:D]xDS-V3tVgP`Axx8Mi2.O4g5=t DTW?ne![Cc?"C+E|o&Ks0`7_BiXHyJ8;B>7AfvuPTZV(3JW|/+Ywy"EtBEVYlNFc[5%X8@o|^DHD\*=z.)P??6`! It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. These could be caves, forests,mountains and so on. While both Christianity and African religion have a concept of a Supreme Being,Christians believe in a God who exists in three persons. Mission Manual Pages Section A Biblical Basis of Mission 1 20, E-journal of Religious and Theological Studies, TITLE A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SALVATION IN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY: TOWARDS DEVELOPING AN EVANGELISTIC MODEL IN SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TUENSANG DISTRICT CHAPTER ONE, Baptism and Original Sin in the Early Church : contributions of Tertullian, THE UNIQUELY CHRISTIAN WORLDVIEW - Ethington Book, CHRISTIANITY AND AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION IN KUMASI: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Department of General Art Studies, SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY @BULLET An Introduction to Bible Doctrine @BULLET, Monotheism in the Qur'an and in the New Testament: Comparative Theological Explorations of the Role of Prophets and the Covenants. African traditional religion cannot be discussed without mentioning that it is the way of life of the people of Africa and so cannot be differentiated from the politics, education, and socialisation, etc. Palmi, Stephan Belief in the power of such objects is highest in Senegal (75%) and lowest in Rwanda (5%). While Islam and Christianity tend to be overtly resistant to adopting traditional African religious ideas or practices, indigenous African religions have always accommodated other beliefs. <> African spirituality is truly holistic. This condition is under a traditional religion belief called the trokosi system or wives of the ancestral gods. These ancestral gods lived in the spiritual world, which according to ATR, is the world populated by spirits. This article concerned itself with the modern encounter between Christianity and African Indigenous Religion (AIR) in Africa. These act as a link between God and the human community. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Janson, Marloes It is essentially a postcolonial approach to what AIR and its essential characteristics is: God and humanity, sacrifices, afterlife and ancestors. Some scholars have rightly observed that the centre of gravity of Christianity is shifting from the West to the two-thirds world, that is Asia, South America and Africa. The continued influence of traditional African religion is also evident in some aspects of daily life. Specifically, by reflecting on the wonder and magnitude of the universe, they came to the conclusion that God must exist: they posited the existence of God to explain the existence and sustenance of the universe. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Fardon, Richard GAZETTE: How would you define indigenous African religions? In some communities masks were used to representcertain gods or ancestral spirits. Modernity has not put a total stop to its influence. They take the communion to remember thedeath and resurrection of Jesus. As a resident fellow, Sherman will teach a study group on negotiation and diplomacy this semester. Traditional African religion advocated for bird and animal sacrifices whenever peoplewent to worship God. Christ is the Mediator between Humans and God In African Traditional Religion ancestral spirits, and lesser gods, are usually the spirits that communicate with humans on earth. The rapid growth of many religions in Africa and the revival of AIR in . % The ordering of the universe and its continuance depends on God. Islam has experienced a similar rapid growth. The spiritual medium is the physical embodiment of the religious retributive order in which Africans know themselves to stand.. For example, sickness in the indigenous African worldview is not only an imbalance of the body, but also an imbalance in ones social life, which can be linked to a breakdown in ones kinship and family relations or even to ones relationship with ones ancestors. (I myself have consulted with several diviners for my research on specific academic topics regarding African culture and history; consequently, if we were to lose Africas diviners, we would also lose one of Africas best keepers and sources of African history and culture. But today that is not the case due to more exclusive-minded types of Christianity and Islam that see patronizing indigenous African beliefs and practices as violating the integrity of their Christian or Muslim principles, but I believe that one can maintain ones religious integrity and also embrace an African worldview. %PDF-1.5 of the people which are all together. A third scholar of interest to us here is Laurenti Magesa, the central thesis of whose book on African religion is captured quite succinctly in the subtitle: African religion constitutes a tradition of abundant life. GAZETTE: It sounds like African indigenous religions are dynamic, inclusive, and flexible. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Instead of God keeping his distance from man, He, throughout history and today reaches down in love to draw humans toward him. Human beings maintain active and real relationshipswith the spiritual world, especially with the living dead, through offerings, sacrifices, and prayers. When one becomes a Christian he/she is baptised. There is even a community deep in the American Bible Belt in Beaufort County, S.C., called Oyotunji Village that practices a type of African indigenous religion, which is a mixture of Yoruba and Ewe-Fon spiritual practices. Africans had shrines they believedGod dwelt in. Because many diseases are believed to have spiritual causes, traditional priests sometimes act as doctors or herbalists. There are also the lesser gods that take residency in streams, rivers, trees and mountains. Barrenness is, therefore, considered a great misfortune because it prevents ancestors from returning to life. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, Chapter 3: Traditional African Religious Beliefs and Practices, Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa, Next: Chapter 4: Interreligious Harmony and Tensions, Chapter 2: Commitment to Christianity and Islam, Chapter 4: Interreligious Harmony and Tensions, In the U.S. and Western Europe, people say they accept Muslims, but opinions are divided on Islam, In Western Europe, familiarity with Muslims is linked to positive views of Muslims and Islam, Q&A: Measuring attitudes toward Muslims and Jews in Western Europe, Europes Muslim population will continue to grow but how much depends on migration, The Growth of Germanys Muslim Population, Size & Demographic Characteristics of Religious Groups, Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts, As Russian invasion nears one-year mark, partisans grow further apart on U.S. support for Ukraine. This is not to say that indigenous African spirituality represents a form of theocracy or religious totalitarianism not at all. Christianity and Traditional African Heritage, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. These are called Taboos. From this view point, Ill begin to say that African Traditional Religion (ATR) involves the belief and worship of the Supreme Being known and revered all over Africa as Onyame in Akan, Mao in Ewe, Chineke in Igbo and Oludumare in Yoruba etc. endobj One of the things these diaspora African religions testify to is the beauty of African religions to engage a devotee on many spiritual levels. 4 0 obj Traditional Africans made images of the Supreme God or other supernatural beingswhich they worshipped. These intermediary agents include the ancestors, members of the community who at death become idealized. Rituals are aimed at maintaining a harmonious relationship with cosmic powers, and many have associated myths that explain their significance. The African Traditional Religion, which is still in place today, can be compared to Christianity through their similarities and differences. Christianity, African traditional religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism. It is also an opportunity to help the Christian churches in the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups from which l come from, to see it as their duty to find means and ways to evangelise our fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts and children who are still under the African Traditional practices. OLUPONA: Thats a mixed bag. In many communities across the world traditional beliefs and practices are passed down generations and are a feature of day-to-day life, despite the influence of outside sources. Postcolonial, Abstract Interfaith dialogue is commonly used in building peace and understanding among religious groups. 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